Основная образовательная программа начального общего образования

РАССМОТРЕНО
ЬОУ ООШ с.Чернозерье

Педагогическим советом

,Э

МБОУ ООШ с.Чернозерье
Протокол

от

29

Шибаевой О"В"

от "29.08.2024

J\Ъ1

г.

.08,2024 г.

Основная

образовательная
программа

начального

общего

образования

VIуниципаль ного бюджетного
общеобразовательного
основноЙ

учреждения

общеобразовательноЙ
с.Чернозерье

(срок реализации 4 года)

школы

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